Aminopyridine- and Aminopyrimidinecarboxamides as CXCR2 Modulators

ABSTRACT

There is disclosed aminopyridine-and aminopyrimidinecarboxamide compounds useful as pharmaceutical agents, synthesis processes, and pharmaceutical compositions which include aminopyridine- and aminopyrimidinecarboxamides compounds. More specifically, there is disclosed a genus of CXCR2 inhibitor compounds that are useful for treating a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This disclosure claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application61/376,224 filed 23 Aug. 2010.

This invention was made with government support under grants1R43HL072614, 5R44HL072614 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.The government has certain rights to this invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure provides aminopyridine- andaminopyrimidinecarboxamides useful as pharmaceutical agents, synthesisprocesses, and pharmaceutical compositions which include aminopyridine-and aminopyrimidinecarboxamides compounds. More specifically, thepresent disclosure provides a genus of CXCR2 inhibitor compounds thatare useful for treating a variety of inflammatory and neoplasticdisorders.

BACKGROUND

Chemokines are chemotactic proteins that have the potential to attractmacrophages, T-cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils andendothelial cells to sites of inflammation and tumor growth. Chemokinesare typically low molecular mass (7-9 kD) proteins that can be dividedinto four subfamilies: CC (or β-chemokines), CXC, C (or γ-chemokines)and CX3C (or δ-chemokines). The chemokines are categorized through theirprimary amino acid structure. The CXC subfamily is characterized by twoconserved Cys residues (C) near the N-terminus and separated by an aminoacid (X). The CXC-chemokines include, for example, interleukin-8 (IL-8),neutrophil-activating protein-1 (NAP-1), neutrophil-activating protein-2(NAP-2), GROα, GROβ, GROγ, ENA-78, GCP-2, IP-10, MIG and PF4. The CXCsubfamily of chemokines is further characterized by the presence orabsence of a specific amino acid sequence, glutamicacid-leucine-arginine (or ELR for short) immediately before the firstCys residue of the CXC motif. Those chemokines with the ELR motif(ELRCXC) are important for the recruitment and activation of neutrophilsto sites of inflammation. For example, GROα and IL-8 are ELRCXCchemokines.

The CXC-chemokines mediate their chemotactic activity throughinteraction with the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. CXCR1 bindsIL-8 and GCP-2 with high affinity while CXCR2 binds all ELRCXCchemokines with high affinity.

Since CXC-chemokines promote the accumulation and activation ofneutrophils, CXC-chemokines have been implicated in a wide range ofacute and chronic inflammatory disorders including COPD, psoriasis andrheumatoid arthritis. (Baggiolini et al., FEBS Lett. 307:97,1992; Milleret al., Crit. Rev. Immunol. 12:17, 1992; Oppenheim et al., Annu. Rev.Immunol. 9:617, 1991; Seitz et al., J. Clin. Invest. 87:463, 1991;Miller et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:427, 1992; and Donnely et al.,Lancet 341:643, 1998).

ELRCXC chemokines, including IL-8, GROα, GROβ, GROγ, NAP-2, and ENA-78(Strieter et al. J. Biol. Chem. 270:27348-57, 1995), have also beenimplicated in the induction of tumor angiogenesis (new blood vesselgrowth). Angiogenic activity is due to ELRCXC-chemokine binding to, andactivation of CXCR2, and possibly CXCR1 for IL-8, expressed on thesurface of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in surrounding vessels.

Many different types of tumors have been shown to produce ELRCXCchemokines. Chemokine production has been correlated with a moreaggressive phenotype (Inoue et al. Clin. Cancer Res. 6:2104-2119, 2000)and poor prognosis (Yoneda et al. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 90:447-454,1998). Chemokines are potent chemotactic factors and the ELRCXCchemokines, in particular, have been shown to induce EC chemotaxis.Thus, these chemokines are thought to induce chemotaxis of endothelialcells toward their site of production in the tumor. This may be acritical step in the induction of angiogenesis by the tumor. Inhibitorsof CXCR2 or dual inhibitors of CXCR2 and CXCR1 will inhibit theangiogenic activity of the ELRCXC chemokines and therefore block thegrowth of the tumor. This anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated forantibodies to IL-8 (Arenberg et al. J. Clin. Invest. 97:2792-2802,1996), ENA-78 (Arenberg et al., J. Clin. Invest. 102:465-72, 1998), andGROα (Haghnegandar et al., J. Leukoc. Biology 67:53-62, 2000).

Therefore, there is a need in the art to find CXCR2 inhibitor compoundsand modulator compounds that can be used as pharmaceutical compounds.There remains a need for compounds that are capable of modulatingactivity at CXC-chemokine receptors. For example, conditions associatedwith an increase in IL-8 production (which is responsible for chemotaxisof neutrophil and T-cell subsets into the inflammatory site and growthof tumors) would benefit by compounds that are inhibitors of IL-8receptor binding. The present disclosure was made to satisfy this need.

SUMMARY

The disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at leastone compound of the formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,or solvate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certainembodiments, this disclosure provides a novel class of compounds thatare CXC chemokine-modulators, pharmaceutical compositions comprising oneor more of such compounds, and methods of treatment, prevention,inhibition, or amelioration of one or more diseases associated with CXCchemokine mediation using the compounds and compositions disclosedherein.

The present disclosure further provides a compound comprising formula(1) or formula (2):

wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³ and R⁴ are independently anionizing group selected from the group consisting of carboxylates,amines, phosphonates, and phosphates;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are also selected from the group consisting of—B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃ ⁻M⁺, —R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷, —O—R⁷,—S(O)_(y)—R⁷ (wherein y=0, 1, or 2), —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹);

wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl;

wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal;

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, or wherein R⁵ and R⁶ togetherform a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride (either mixed or symmetrical);

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,hetercyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are both oxygen to form anitro group; or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen to which they areattached, form a heterocyclyl; and

wherein X¹ is carbon or nitrogen; and pharmaceutical compositionsthereof.

Preferably, X¹ is carbon. Preferably, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is4-fluoro-phenyl. Preferably, R³ is either hydrogen or methyl.Preferably, R⁴ is 4-phenylboronic acid.

The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of formula (1) or formula (2):

The present disclosure further provides a compound comprising formula(1) or formula (2):

wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³ and R4 are independently anionizing group selected from the group consisting of carboxylates,amines, phosphonates, and phosphates; R³ may be also equivalent to R⁴;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are also selected from the group consisting of—B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷, —O—R⁷,—S(O)_(y)—R⁷ (wherein y=0, 1, or 2), —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹);

wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl;

wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal;

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, or wherein R⁵ and R⁶ togetherform a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride (either mixed or symmetrical);

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,hetercyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are both oxygen to form anitro group; or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen to which they areattached, form a heterocyclyl; and

wherein X¹ is carbon or nitrogen; and pharmaceutical compositionsthereof.

Preferably, X¹ is carbon. Preferably, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is4-fluoro-phenyl. Preferably, R³ is either hydrogen or methyl.Preferably, R⁴ is 4-phenylboronic acid.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of pain (e.g., acute pain,acute inflammatory pain, chronic inflammatory pain, and neuropathicpain), acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, COPD,adult respiratory disease, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gramnegative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, stroke, ischemia reperfusioninjury, renal reperfusion injury, glomerulonephritis, thrombosis,Alzheimer's disease, graft vs. host reaction (i.e., graft-versus-hostdisease), allograft rejections (e.g., acute allograft rejection, andchronic allograft rejection), malaria, acute respiratory distresssyndrome, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, atherosclerosis,cerebral ischemia, cardiac ischemia, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis,restinosis, angiogenesis, angiogenesis associated with tumor growth,osteoporosis, gingivitis, respiratory viruses, herpes viruses, hepatitisviruses, HIV, Kaposi's sarcoma associated virus (i.e., Kaposi'ssarcoma), meningitis, cystic fibrosis, pre-term labor, cough, pruritis,multi-organ dysfunction, trauma, strains, sprains, contusions, psoriaticarthritis, herpes, encephalitis, CNS vasculitis, traumatic brain injury,systemic tumors, CNS tumors, tumors dependent on angiogenesis forgrowth, leukopenia and neutropenia, chemotherapy-induced leukopenia andneutropenia, opportunistic infections associated with neutropenia orleukopenia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, post surgical trauma, interstitialpneumonitis, hypersensitivity, crystal induced arthritis, acutepancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, acute alcoholic hepatitis,necrotizing enterocolitis, chronic sinusitis, angiogenic ocular disease,ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy,macular degeneration with the wet type preferred, cornealneovascularization, polymyositis, vasculitis, acne, gastric ulcers,duodenal ulcers, celiac disease, esophagitis, glossitis, airflowobstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness (i.e., airway hyperreactivity),bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, chronicbronchitis, cor pulmonae, dyspnea, emphysema, hypercapnea,hyperinflation, hypoxemia, hyperoxia-induced inflammations, hypoxia,surgical lung volume reduction, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonaryhypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, peritonitis associated withcontinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), granulocyticehrlichiosis, sarcoidosis, small airway disease, ventilation-perfusionmismatching, wheeze, colds, gout, alcoholic liver disease, lupus, burntherapy (i.e., the treatment of burns), periodontitis, cancer,transplant reperfusion injury, and early transplantation rejection(e.g., acute allograft rejection) in a patient in need of suchtreatment, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound offormula (1) or formula (2):

wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl,carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³ is an ionizing group selectedfrom the group consisting of carboxylates, amines, phosphonates, andphosphates;

wherein R³ and R⁴ are also independently selected from —B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃⁻M⁺, —R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷, —O—R⁷, —S(O)_(y)—R⁷ (whereiny=0, 1, or 2), —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹);

wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl;

wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal;

wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, or wherein R⁵ and R⁶ togetherform a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride (either mixed or symmetrical);

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,hetercyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are both oxygen to form anitro group; or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen to which they areattached, form a heterocyclyl; and

wherein X¹ is carbon or nitrogen; and pharmaceutical compositionsthereof.

Preferably, X¹ is carbon. Preferably, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is4-fluoro-phenyl. Preferably, R³ is either hydrogen or methyl.Preferably, R⁴ is 4-phenylboronic acid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

When any substituent or variable occurs more than one time in anymoiety, its definition on each occurrence is independent of itsdefinition at every other occurrence. Also, combinations of substituentsand/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result instable compounds.

Unless indicated otherwise, the following definitions apply throughoutthe present specification and claims. These definitions apply regardlessof whether a term is used by itself or in combination with other terms.For example, the definition of “alkyl” also applies to the “alkyl”portion of the defined term “alkoxy.”

“An effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” means todescribe an amount of compound of the present disclosure or anotheragent effective to treat a mammal (e.g., a human) having a disease orCXC chemokine-mediated condition, and thus producing the desiredtherapeutic effect.

“At least one” means one or more (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, or 1).

“Composition” includes a product comprising the specified ingredients inthe specified amounts, as well as any product that results, directly orindirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in thespecified amounts.

“In combination with” as used to describe the administration of acompound of formula (1) with other medicaments in the methods oftreatment of this invention, means-that the compounds of formula (1) andformula (2) and the other medicaments are administered sequentially orconcurrently in separate dosage forms, or are administered concurrentlyin the same dosage form.

“Mammal” means a human or other mammal, or means a human being.

“Patient” includes both human and other mammals, preferably human.

“Prodrug” denotes a compound that is a drug precursor which, uponadministration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolicor chemical processes to yield a compound of either formula (1) orformula (2) or a salt and/or solvate thereof. A discussion of pro-drugsis provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel DeliverySystems, Volume 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in BioreversibleCarriers in Drug Design, Edward B. Roche, ed., American PharmaceuticalAssociation and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporatedherein by reference.

“Alkyl” is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbonchain. In various embodiments, the alkyl group has 1-18 carbon atoms,i.e. is a C₁-C₁₈ group, or is a C₁-C₁₂ group, a C₁-C₆ group, or a C₁-C₄group. A lower alkyl group has 1-6 carbons. Independently, in variousembodiments, the alkyl group has zero branches (i.e., is a straightchain), one branch, two branches, or more than two branches.Independently, in one embodiment, the alkyl group is saturated. Inanother embodiment, the alkyl group is unsaturated. In variousembodiments, the unsaturated alkyl may have one double bond, two doublebonds, more than two double bonds, and/or one triple bond, two triplebonds, or more than two triple bonds. Alkyl chains may be optionallysubstituted with 1 substituent (i.e., the alkyl group ismono-substituted), or 1-2 substituents, or 1-3 substituents, or 1-4substituents, etc. The substituents may be selected from the groupconsisting of hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, boronyl, carboxy, nitro,cyano, and the like. When the alkyl group incorporates one or moreheteroatoms, the alkyl group is referred to herein as a heteroalkylgroup. When the substituents on an alkyl group are hydrocarbons, thenthe resulting group is simply referred to as a substituted alkyl. Invarious aspects, the alkyl group including substituents has less then25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, or7 carbons.

“Lower alkyl” means a group having about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms inthe chain which chain may be straight or branched. Non-limiting examplesof suitable alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, heptyl, nonyl, and decyl.

“Alkoxy” means an alkyl-O-group wherein alkyl is as defined above.Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include: methoxy, ethoxy,n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy and heptoxy. The bond to the parentmoiety is through the ether oxygen.

“Alkoxyalkyl” means an alkoxy-alkyl-group in which the alkoxy and alkylare as previously described. Preferred alkoxyalkyl comprise a loweralkyl group. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.

“Alkylaryl” means an alkyl-aryl-group in which the alkyl and aryl are aspreviously described. Preferred alkylaryls comprise a lower alkyl group.The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl.

“Aminoalkyl” means an NH₂-alkyl-group, wherein alkyl is as definedabove, bound to the parent moiety through the alkyl group.

“Aryl” (sometimes abbreviated “Ar”) is an aromatic carbocyclichydrocarbon ring system. The ring system may be monocyclic or fusedpolycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.). In one embodiment, thearyl group is monocyclic, and is preferably a C₆ ring system, i.e. aphenyl ring is a preferred aryl ring, where preferred bicyclic arylrings are C₈-C₁₂, or C₉-C₁₀. A naphthyl ring, which has 10 carbon atoms,is a preferred polycyclic aryl ring. Unless otherwise indicated herein,the term “aryl” as used herein is meant to include aryl rings optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from acyl (—C(O)—R),alkoxy (—O—R), alkyl, aryl, alkylamino (—N(H)—R and —N(R)R), alkylthio(—S—R), amino (—NH₂), azido (—N₃), boronyl (—B(R)R or —B(OH)₂ or—B(OR)₂), carboxy (—C(O)—OH), alkoxycarbonyl (—C(O)—OR), aminocarbonyl(—C(O)—NH₂), aminosulfonyl (—S(O)₂—NH₂), alkylaminocarbonyl (—C(O)—N(H)Rand —C(O)—N(R)R), cyano, halo (fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo), haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, hydroxyl (—OH), acyloxy(—O—C(O)—R), ketone (—C(O)—R), substituted halomethylketone(—C(O)—CH_(m)X_(n), where m+n=3, X═F, Cl, Br), mercapto (—SH and —S—R)and nitro (—NO₂) where each R group is an alkyl group having less thanabout 12 carbons, preferably where the R group is a lower alkyl group.Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl groups include: phenyl, naphthyl,indenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, anthracenyl, and fluorenyl.

“Arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group as defined substituted by one ormore aryl groups as defined below. Phenyl and naphthyl are preferredaryl groups in an arylalkyl group. A preferred alkyl group is methyl, sothat a preferred arylalkyl group is benzyl or benzyl having one or moresubstituents on the phenyl ring. Unless otherwise indicated, the term“arylalkyl” as used herein is meant to include arylalkyl groups whereinthe aryl ring therein is optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from acyl (—C(O)—R), alkoxy (—O—R), alkyl, aryl,alkylamino (—N(H)—R and —N(R)R), alkylthio (—S—R), amino (—NH₂), azido(—N₃), boronyl (—B(R)R or —B(OH)₂ or —B(OR)₂), carboxy (—C(O)—OH),alkoxycarbonyl (—C(O)—OR), aminocarbonyl (—C(O)—NH₂), aminosulfonyl(—S(O)₂—NH₂), alkylaminocarbonyl (—C(O)—N(H)R and —C(O)—N(R)R), cyano,halo (fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl,heteroalkyl, hydroxyl (—OH), acyloxy (—O—C(O)—R), ketone (—C(O)—R),substituted halomethylketone (—C(O)—CH_(m)X_(n), where m+n=3, X═F, Cl,Br), mercapto (—SH and —S—R) and nitro (—NO₂) where each R is an alkylgroup having less than about 12 carbons, preferably where the R group isa lower alkyl group.

“Arylalkyl” means an aryl-alkyl-group in which the aryl and alkyl are aspreviously described. Preferred arylalkyls comprise a lower alkyl group.Non-limiting examples of suitable aralkyl groups include benzyl,2-phenethyl and napthalenylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety isthrough the alkyl.

“Aryloxy” means an aryl-O-group in which the aryl group is as previouslydescribed. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryloxy groups includephenoxy and naphthoxy. The bond to the parent moiety is through theether oxygen.

“Carboxyalkyl” means an HOOC-alkyl-group, wherein alkyl is as definedabove, bound to the parent moiety through the alkyl group.

“Chemokine” means a protein molecule involved in chemotaxis.

A “chemokine-mediated disease” means a disease in which at least oneelement or cause is related to regulation of a CXC chemokine.

“Commercially available chemicals” and the chemicals used in theExamples set forth herein may be obtained from standard commercialsources, where such sources include, for example, Acros Organics(Pittsburgh, Pa.), Sigma-Adrich Chemical (Milwaukee, Wis.), AvocadoResearch (Lancashire, U.K.), Bionet (Cornwall, U.K.), Boron Molecular(Research Triangle Park, N.C.), Combi-Blocks (San Diego, Calif.),Eastman Organic Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, N.Y.),Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Frontier Scientific (Logan,Utah), ICN Biomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa, Calif.), Lancaster Synthesis(Windham, N.H.), Maybridge Chemical Co. (Cornwall, U.K.), PierceChemical Co. (Rockford, Ill.), Riedel de Haen (Hannover, Germany),Spectrum Quality Product, Inc. (New Brunswick, N.J.), TCI America(Portland, Oreg.), and Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. (Richmond, Va.).

“Compounds described in the chemical literature” may be identifiedthrough reference books and databases directed to chemical compounds andchemical reactions, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis ofreactants useful in the preparation of compounds disclosed herein, orprovide references to articles that describe the preparation ofcompounds disclosed herein, include for example, “Synthetic OrganicChemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York; S. R. Sandler et al,“Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2^(nd) Ed., Academic Press, NewYork, 1983; H. O. House, “Modern Synthetic Reactions,” 2^(nd) Ed., W. A.Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif., 1972; T. L. Glichrist, “HeterocyclicChemistry,” 2^(nd) Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992; J. March,“Advanced Organic Chemistry: reactions, Mechanisms and Structure,”5^(th) Ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 2001; Specific and analogousreactants may also be identified through the indices of known chemicalsprepared by the Chemical Abstract Service of the American ChemicalSociety, which are available in most public and university libraries, aswell as through online databases (the American Chemical Society,Washington, D.C. www.acs.org may be contacted for more details).Chemicals that are known but not commercially available in catalogs maybe prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, where many of thestandard chemical supply houses (such as, those listed above) providecustom synthesis services.

“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic mono-or multicyclic ring systemcomprising about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, preferably about 5 to about10 carbon atoms. Preferred cycloalkyl rings contain about 5 to about 7ring atoms. A multicyclic cycloalkyl substituent may include fused,spiro, or bridged ring structures. Non-limiting examples of suitablemonocyclic cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitablemulticyclic cycloalkyls include 1-decalin, norbornyl, adamantly and thelike. Cycloalkyl substituents may be substituted or unsubstituted. Inone embodiment, the cycloalkyl is unsubstituted. In another embodiment,the cycloalkyl is substituted with, e.g., 1 substituent (i.e., thecycloalkyl group is mono-substituted), or 1-2 substituents, or 1-3substituents, or 1-4 substituents, etc. In one embodiment, thesubstituents that may be present on the cycloalkyl aliphatic ring areselected from acyl (—C(O)—R), alkoxy (—O—R), alkyl, aryl, alkylamino(—N(H)—R and —N(R)R), alkylthio (—S—R), amino (—NH₂), azido (—N₃),boronyl (—B(R)R or —B(OH)₂ or —B(OR)₂), carboxy (—C(O)—OH),alkoxycarbonyl (—C(O)—OR), aminocarbonyl (—C(O)—NH₂), aminosulfonyl(—S(O)₂—NH₂), alkylaminocarbonyl (—C(O)—N(H)R and —C(O)—N(R)R), cyano,halo (fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl,heteroalkyl, hydroxyl (—OH), acyloxy (—O—C(O)—R), ketone (—C(O)—R),substituted halomethylketone (—C(O)—CH_(m)X_(n), where m+n=3, X═F, Cl,Br), mercapto (—SH and —S—R) and nitro (—NO₂) In one aspect the R groupin the above substituents is an alkyl group having less than about 12carbons, while in another aspect the R group is a lower alkyl group.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” means a cycloalkyl group bound to the parent moietythrough an alkyl group. Non-limiting examples include: cyclopropylmethyland cyclohexylmethyl.

“Cycloalkylaryl” means a cycloalkyl group bound to the parent moietythrough an aryl group. Non-limiting examples include: cyclopropylphenyland cyclohexylphenyl.

“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant todescribe an amount of compound or a composition of the presentdisclosure effective in decreasing or increasing (i.e., modulating) theaction of a CXC chemokine at a CXC chemokine receptor and thus producingthe desired therapeutic effect in a suitable patient.

“Fluoroalkoxy” means an alkoxy group as defined above wherein one ormore hydrogen atoms on the alkoxy is or are replaced by a fluoro group.

“Fluoroalkyl” means an alkyl group as defined above wherein one or morehydrogen atoms on the alkyl are replaced by a fluoro group.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo groups. Preferred arefluoro, chloro or bromo, and more preferred are fluoro and chloro.

“Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Preferred arefluorine, chlorine and bromine.

“Heteroalkyl” is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, chaincontaining carbon and at least one heteroatom. The heteroalkyl groupmay, in various embodiments, have on heteroatom, or 1-2 heteroatoms, or1-3 heteroatoms, or 1-4 heteroatoms. In one aspect the hteroalkyl chaincontains from 1 to 18 (i.e., 1-18) member atoms (carbon andheteroatoms), and in various embodiments contain 1-12, or 1-6, or 1-4member atoms. Independently, in various embodiments, the heteroalkylgroup has zero branches (i.e., is a straight chain), one branch, twobranches, or more than two branches. Independently, in one embodiment,the htereoalkyl group is saturated. In another embodiment, theheteroalkyl group is unsaturated. In various embodiments, theunsaturated heterolkyl may have one double bond, two double bonds, morethan two double bonds, and/or one triple bond, two triple bonds, or morethan two triple bonds. Heteroalkyl chains may be substituted orunsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heteroalkyl chain isunsubstituted. In another embodiment, the heteroalkyl chain issubstituted. A substituted heteroalkyl chain may have 1 substituent(i.e., by monosubstituted), or may have 1-2 substituents, or 1-3substituents, or 1-4 substituents, etc. Exemplary heteroalkylsubstituents include esters (—C(O)—O—R) and carbonyls (—C(O)—).

“Heterocyclic” (or “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl”) refers to anon-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising3 to 10 ring atoms (e.g., 3 to 7 ring atoms), or 5 to 10 ring atoms, inwhich one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element otherthan carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or incombination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present inthe ring system. Examples of heterocyclics or heterocycloalkyls includerings having 5 to 6 ring atoms. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before theheterocyclic or heterocycloalkyl root name means that at least anitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, respectively, is present as a ringatom. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclic orheterocycloalkyl can be optionally oxidized to the correspondingN-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Any nitrogen atoms may be optionallyquaternized. Non-limiting examples of monocyclic heterocyclic orheterocycloalkyl rings include: piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl,1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophen-yl, andtetrahydrothiopyranyl The heterocyclyl may be unsubstituted orsubstituted. In one embodiment, the heterocyclyl is unsubstituted. Inanother embodiment, the heterocyclyl is substituted. The substitutedheterocyclyl ring may contain 1 substituent, or 1-2 substituents, or 1-3substituents, or 1-4 substituents, etc. In one embodiment, thesubstituents that may be present on the heterocyclyl ring are selectedfrom acyl (—C(O)—R), alkoxy (—O—R), alkyl, aryl, alkylamino (—N(H)—R and—N(R)R), alkylthio (—S—R), amino (—NH₂), azido (-N₃), boronyl (—B(R)R or—B(OH)₂ or —B(OR)₂), carboxy (—C(O)—OH), alkoxycarbonyl (—C(O)—OR),aminocarbonyl (—C(O)—NH₂), aminosulfonyl (—S(O)₂—NH₂),alkylaminocarbonyl (—C(O)—N(H)R and —C(O)—N(R)R), cyano, halo (fluoro,bromo, chloro, iodo), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl,hydroxyl (—OH), acyloxy (—O—C(O)—R), ketone (—C(O)—R), substitutedhalomethylketone (—C(O)—CH_(m)X_(n), where m+n=3, X═F, Cl, Br), mercapto(—SH and —S—R) and nitro (—NO₂) In one aspect, the R group which is, oris part of the substituent attached to the heterocyclic ring is an alkylgroup having less than about 12 carbons, while in another aspect the Rgroup is a lower alkyl group.

“Heterocycloalkylalkyl” means a heterocycloalkyl-alkyl group, whereinsaid heterocycloalkyl and said alkyl are as defined above, bound to aparent moiety through the alkyl group.

“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring systemcomprising 5 to 14 ring atoms, or 5 to 10 ring atoms, in which one ormore of the ring atoms is an element other than carbon, for examplenitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, alone or in combination. Heteroaryls cancontain 5 to 6 ring atoms. The prefix aza, oxa or thio before theheteroaryl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfuratom respectively, is present as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of aheteroaryl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Anynitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized. Non-limiting examples ofheteroaryls include: pyridyl, pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl,isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl,pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyrazinyl,pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-alpyridinyl,imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, indolyl, azaindolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, imidazolyl, thienopyridyl,quinazolinyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl,isoquinolinyl, benzoazaindolyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, and benzothiazolyl. Theheteroaryl may be unsubstituted or substituted. In one embodiment, theheteroaryl is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl issubstituted. The substituted heteroaryl ring may contain 1 substituent,or 1-2 substituents, or 1-3 substituents, or 1-4 substituents, etc. Inone embodiment, the substituents that may be present on the heteroarylring are selected from acyl (—C(O)—R), alkoxy (—O—R), alkyl, aryl,alkylamino (—N(H)—R and —N(R)R), alkylthio (—S—R), amino (—NH₂), azido(—N₃), boronyl (—B(R)R or —B(OH)₂ or —B(OR)₂), carboxy (—C(O)—OH),alkoxycarbonyl (—C(O)—OR), aminocarbonyl (—C(O)—NH₂), aminosulfonyl(—S(O)₂—NH₂), alkylaminocarbonyl (—C(O)—N(H)R and —C(O)—N(R)R), cyano,halo (fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heterocyclyl,heteroalkyl, hydroxyl (—OH), acyloxy (—O—C(O)—R), ketone (—C(O)—R),substituted halomethylketone (—C(O)—CH_(m)X_(n), where m+n=3, X═F, Cl,Br), mercapto (—SH and —S—R) and nitro (—NO₂) In one aspect, the R groupwhich is, or is part of the substituent attached to the heteroaryl ringis an alkyl group having less than about 12 carbons, while in anotheraspect the R group is a lower alkyl group.

“Heteroaralkyl” or “heteroarylalkyl” means a heteroaryl-alkyl-group, inwhich the heteroaryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferredheteroaralkyls can contain a lower alkyl group. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable aralkyl groups include pyridylmethyl, 2-(furan-3-yl)ethyl andquinolin-3-ylmethyl. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl.

“Hydroxyalkyl” means an HO-alkyl-group, in which alkyl is previouslydefined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Non-limitingexamples of suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and2-hydroxyethyl.

“Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H₂O.

“Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this disclosurewith one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involvesvarying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogenbonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation,for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in thecrystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses bothsolution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like.

The term “substituted” means substitution with specified groups otherthan hydrogen, or with one or more groups, moieties or radicals whichcan be the same or different, with each, for example, beingindependently selected.

When R³ is an ionized carboxylate the structure of R³ is—(CH₂)._(n)—COO⁻, when R³ is an amine the structure is—(CH₂)_(n)—N⁺(R¹⁰)₃ where R¹⁰ is independently alkyl, lower alkyl, andhydrogen; when R³ is a phosphonate the structure is —(CH₂)_(n)—PO(OH)₂,in either its monobasic or dibasic ionization state; when R₃ is aphosphate the structure is —(CH₂)_(n)—O—PO(OH)₂, in either its monobasicor dibasic ionization state. Wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5.Therefore, each ionized carboxylate, amine, phosphonate or phosphateforms a salt.

Examples of “disease modifying antirheumatic drugs” (i.e., DMARDs)include, for example, methotrexate, aminopterin, sulfasalzine,leflunomide, TNFa directed agents (e.g., infliximab, etanercept, andadalimumab), IL-1 directed agents (e.g., anakinra) B cell directedagents (e.g., rituximab), T cell directed agents (e.g., alefacept,efalizumab, and CTLA4-1g), TNFa-converting enzyme inhibitors,interleukin-1 converting enzyme is inhibitors, and p38 kinaseinhibitors.

The term “other classes of compounds indicated for the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis”, as used herein, unless indicated otherwise,means: compounds selected from the group consisting of: IL-1 directedagents (e.g., anakinra); B cell directed agents (e.g., rituximab); Tcell directed agents (e.g., alefacept, efalizumab, and CTLA4-1g),TNFa-converting enzyme inhibitors, interleukin-1 converting enzymeinhibitors, and p38 kinase inhibitors.

The compounds of formula (1) and formula (2) form salts that are alsowithin the scope of this disclosure. Reference to a compound of formula(1) or formula (2) herein is understood to include reference to saltsthereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employedherein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids,as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. Inaddition, when a compound of formula (1) or formula (2) contains both abasic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, andan acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid,zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within theterm “salt(s)” as used herein. The salts can be pharmaceuticallyacceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts, althoughother salts are also useful. Salts of the compounds of the formula (1)or formula (2) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound offormula (1) or formula (2) with an amount of acid or base, such as anequivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the saltprecipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, adipates, alginates,ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates,borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates,cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates,ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates,hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides,hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates,methanesulfonates, 2-napthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates,oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates,picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates,sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartarates, thiocyanates,toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) undecanoates, and the like.Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for theformation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceuticalcompounds are discussed, for example, by S. Berge et al, J.Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1)1-19; P. Gould, International J.Pharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice ofMedicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The OrangeBook (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website).These disclosures are incorporated herein by reference herein.

Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such assodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such ascalcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example,organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines(formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine),N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glucamides, t-butyl amines, and saltswith amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basicnitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as loweralkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides,bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl,dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl,myristyl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), arylalkylhalides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

All such acid and base salts are intended to be pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts within the scope of the disclosure and all acid andbase salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of thecorresponding compounds for purposes of the disclosure.

Compounds of formula (1) or formula (2) can exist in unsolvated andsolvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvatedforms, with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanoland the like, are equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes ofthis disclosure.

Compounds of formula (1) or formula (2) and salts, solvates and prodrugsthereof, may exist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide orimino ether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as partof the present disclosure.

Also within the scope of the present disclosure are polymorphs of thecompounds of this disclosure (i.e., polymorphs of the compounds offormula 1 are within the scope of this disclosure).

Prodrugs of the compounds of formula (1) or formula (2) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof are within thescope of this disclosure.

All stereoisomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers andthe like) of the present compounds (including those of the salts,solvates and prodrugs of the compounds as well as the salts and solvatesof the prodrugs), such as those which may exist due to asymmetriccarbons on various substituents, including enantiomeric forms (which mayexist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms,atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within thescope of this disclosure. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds ofthis disclosure may, for example, be substantially free of otherisomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other,or other selected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the compoundsherein can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974Recommendations. The use of the terms “salt”, “solvate”, “prodrug” andthe like, is intended to equally apply to the salt, solvate and prodrugof enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, racemates orprodrugs of the disclosed compounds.

Classes of compounds that can be used as the chemotherapeutic agent(antineoplastic agent) include: alkylating agents, antimetabolites,natural products and their derivatives, hormones and steroids (includingsynthetic analogs), and synthetics. Examples of compounds within theseclasses are given below.

Alkylating agents (including nitrogen mustards, ethyleniminederivatives, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas and triazenes): Uracilmustard, Chlormethine, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Melphalan,Chlorambucil, Pipobroman, Triethylene-melamine,Triethylenethiophos-phoramine, Busulfan, Carmustine, Lomustine,Streptozocin, Dacarbazine, and Temozolomide.

Antimetabolites (including folic acid antagonists, pyrimidine analogs,purine analogs and adenosine deaminase inhibitors): Methotrexate,Aminopterin, 5-Fluorouracil, Floxuridine, Cytarabine, 6-Mercaptopurine,6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine phosphate, Pentostatine, and Gemcitabine.

Natural products and their derivatives (including vinca alkaloids,antitumor antibiotics, enzymes, lymphokines and epipodophyllotoxins):Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin,Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin, paclitaxel (Taxol®),Mithramycin, Deoxycoformycin, Mitomycin-C, L-Asparaginase, Interferons(especially IFN-), etoposide, and Teniposide.

Hormones and steroids (including synthetic analogs):17β-Ethinylestradiol, Diethylstilbestrol, Testosterone, Prednisone,Fluoxymesterone, Dromostanolone propionate, Testolactone,Megestrolacetate, Tamoxifen, Methylprednisolone, Methyltestosterone,Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Chlorotrianisene, Hydroxyprogesterone,Aminoglutethimide, Estramustine, Medroxyprogesteroneacetate, Leuprolide,Flutamide, Toremifene, Zoladex.

Synthetics (including inorganic complexes such as platinum coordinationcomplexes): Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Hydroxyurea, Amsacrine,Procarbazine, Mitotane, Mitoxantrone, Levamisole, andHexamethylmelamine.

Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of thesechemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. Inaddition, their administration is described in the standard literature.For example, the administration of many of the chemotherapeutic agentsis described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR), e.g., 2008edition (Thomson P D R, Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742, 25 USA); thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference herein.

As used herein, a microtubule affecting agent is a compound thatinterferes with cellular mitosis, i.e., having an anti-mitotic effect,by affecting microtubule formation and/or action. Such agents can be,for instance, microtubule stabilizing agents or agents that disruptmicrotubule formation.

Microtubule affecting agents useful in this disclosure are well known tothose of skilled in the art and include, but are not limited toallocolchicine (NSC 406042), Halichondrin B (NSC 609395), colchicine(NSC 757), colchicine derivatives (e.g., NSC 33410), dolastatin 10 (NSC376128), maytansine (NSC 153858), rhizoxin (NSC 332598), paclitaxel(Taxol, NSC 125973), Taxol derivatives (e.g., derivatives (e.g., NSC608832), thiocolchicine (NSC 361792), trityl cysteine (NSC 83265),vinblastine sulfate (NSC 49842), vincristine sulfate (NSC 67574),epothilone A, epothilone, and discodermolide (see Service, (1996)Science, 274:2009) estramustine, nocodazole, MAP4, and the like.Examples of such agents are also described in the scientific and patentliterature, see, e.g., Bulinski (1997) J. Cell Sci. 110:3055-3064; Panda(1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10560-10564; Muhlradt (1997) CancerRes. 57,3344-3346; Nicolaou (1997) Nature 387:268-272; Vasquez (1997)Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:973-985; Panda (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:29807-29812.

Particularly, agents can be compounds with paclitaxel-like activity.These include, but are not limited to paclitaxel and paclitaxelderivatives (paclitaxel-like compounds) and analogues. Paclitaxel andits derivatives are available commercially. In addition, methods ofmaking paclitaxel and paclitaxel derivatives and analogues are wellknown to those of skilled in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.5,569,729; 5,565,478; 5,530,020; 5,527,924; 5,508,447; 5,489,589;5,488,116; 5,484,809; 5,478,854; 5,478,736; 5,475,120; 5,468,769;5,461,169; 5,440,057; 5,422,364; 5,411,984; 5,405,972; and 5,296,506,the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein).

Additional microtubule affecting agents can be assessed using one ofmany such assays known in the art, e.g., a semiautomated assay whichmeasures the tubulin-polymerizing activity of paclitaxel analogs incombination with a cellular assay to measure the potential of thesecompounds to block cells in mitosis (see Lopes (1997) Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol. 41:37-47).

Therapeutic Activity

Modulators of neutrophil activity can have great therapeutic benefit ina number of indications. In disease states characterized by animproperly heightened neutrophil response, an inhibitor of neutrophilactivity would be indicated. In patients suffering from, for exampleneutropenia, a neutrophil agonist or activator has clinical benefit.

Preparation of the Compounds

It is understood that in the following description, combinations ofsubstituents and/or variables of the depicted formulae are permissibleonly if such contributions result in stable compounds.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in theprocesses described below the functional groups of intermediatecompounds may need to be protected by suitable protecting groups. Suchfunctional groups include amino, boronic acid, hydroxyl, mercapto andcarboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino, andguanidine include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable boronic acidprotecting groups include pinacol esters, pinanediol esters,N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) esters, trifluoroborate salt, and thelike. Suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include trialkylsilyl ordiarylsilyl ethers (e.g., trimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, ort-butyldiphenylsilyl), trityl ethers, benzyl ethers and the like.Suitable protecting groups for mercapto include thioethers (e.g.S-benzyl, S-p-nitrobenzyl, S-9-fluorenylmethyl, S-trityl), thioesters-C(O)—R (where R is alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl), and the like. Suitableprotecting groups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl, or arylalkylesters.

Compounds of the present invention may be prepared from readilyavailable starting materials according to methods set forth in thesynthetic schemes below.

As illustrated above, 6-bromonicotinic acid (compound 1) can be amidatedwith a variety of primary and secondary amines to yield either mono- ordi-substituted pyridinecarboxamide as represented by compound 2.Suitable reaction conditions using peptide coupling reagents are knownin the art, and include the use of EEDQ, DCCI, mixed carbonic anhydridesand phosphonium coupling reagents such as PyBOP and PyBrOP. The halogensubstituent of compound 2 is then displaced by the nitrogen of eitherprimary or secondary amines to yield compound 3. This alkylationreaction is base catalyzed, and is typically run in a suitable solvent,e.g. DMF with a suitable base, e.g. triethylamine. Alternatively, phasetransfer catalyzed conditions (e.g. potassium tert-butoxide, 18-crown-6ether in toluene) can be used to effect this alkylation.

In the preparation of compounds 4 and 5, N-methyl-2-bromo-benzylamineand 2-bromo-benzylamine were used, respectively (Scheme 2). The boronicacid moieties were added via palladium catalyzed insertion reaction aspinacol boronate esters. The pinacol esters can be removed by treatmentwith KHF₂, and the boronic acid moiety can be replaced with a hydroxylgroup through oxidation with a suitable reagent, e.g. Oxone® (from Webb,K. S. and Levy, D, Tetrahedron Letters 36:5117-5118, 1995) or peroxide.

As illustrated above, 2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (compound 11)can be amidated with a variety of primary and secondary amines to yieldeither mono- or di-substituted pyrimidinecarboxamide as represented bycompound 12. Suitable reaction conditions using peptide couplingreagents are known in the art, and include, for example, the use ofEEDQ, DCCI, mixed carbonic anhydrides and phosphonium coupling reagentssuch as PyBOP and PyBrOP. The halogen substituent of compound 12 is thendisplaced by the nitrogen of either primary or secondary amines to yieldcompound 13. This alkylation reaction is base catalyzed, and istypically run in a suitable solvent, e.g. DMF with a suitable base, e.g.triethylamine. Alternatively, phase transfer catalyzed conditions (e.g.,potassium tert-butoxide, 18-crown-6 ether in toluene) can be used toeffect this alkylation.

In the preparation of compounds 14 and 15, N-methyl-4-bromo-benzylaminewas reacted with compounds 2 and 12, respectively, where R¹ is H, and R²is 4-fluorophenyl (Scheme 4). The boronic acid moieties were added viapalladium catalyzed insertion reaction as pinacol boronate esters. Thepinacol esters can be removed by treatment with KHF₂, and the boronicacid moiety can be replaced with a hydroxyl group through oxidation witha suitable reagent, e.g. Oxone® (from Webb, K. S. and Levy, D,Tetrahedron Letters 36:5117-5118, 1995) or peroxide.

Methods of Treatment

One embodiment is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The methods of treatment of this disclosure are advantageous in treatingdiseases where the ELR-CXC chemokine binds to CXCR2. Another embodimentof the disclosure is directed to a method of treating CXCR2 chemokinemediated diseases in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method of treating CXCR2chemokine mediated diseases in a patient in need thereof comprisesadministering to the patient (a) an effective amount of at least onecompound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof, concurrently or sequentially with (b) at leastone additional agent, drug, medicament, antibody and/or inhibitor usefulfor the treatment of CXCR2 chemokine mediated diseases. Examples of theadditional medicament, drug or agent include, but are not limited to,disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; nonsteroidal antiinflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs); COX-2 selective inhibitors; COX-1 inhibitors;immunosuppressives; steroids; biological response modifiers; and otheranti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment ofCXCR2 chemokine mediated diseases.

Another embodiment of the method of treating a CXCR2 chemokine mediateddisease is administering (a) a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, concurrently or sequentially with(b) at least one medicament selected from the group consisting of:disease modifying antirheumatic drugs; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs; COX-2 selective inhibitors; COX-1 inhibitors; immunosuppressives;steroids; biological response modifiers; and other anti-inflammatoryagents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of CXCR1 and/or CXCR2chemokine mediated diseases.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating cancer ina patient in need of such treatment, the method comprises administeringto said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound offormula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method fortreating cancer comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticamount of at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, concurrently orsequentially with (a) at least one antineoplastic agent selected fromthe group consisting of: (1) gemcitabine, (2) paclitaxel, (3)5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), (4) cyclo-phosphamide, (5) temozolomide and (6)Vincristine or (b) at least one agent selected from the group consistingof (1) microtubule affecting agents, (2) antineoplastic agents, (3)anti-angiogenesis agents, (4) VEGF receptor kinase inhibitors, (5)antibodies against the VEGF receptor, (6) interferon, and (7) radiation.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating asthma ina patient in need of such treatment the method comprising administeringto the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof. Another embodiment of this disclosure is amethod for treating a pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, asthma, or cysticfibrosis), in a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of: (a)at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, concurrently orsequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: glucocorticoids, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, beta-2adrenoceptor agonists, muscarinic M1 antagonists, muscarinic M3antagonists, muscarinic M2 agonists, NK3 antagonists, LTB4 antagonists,cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists, bronchodilators, PDE4 inhibitors, PDEinhibitors, elastase inhibitors, MMP inhibitors, phospholipase A2inhibitors, phospholipase D inhibitors, histamine H1 antagonists,histamine H3 antagonists, dopamine agonists, adenosine A2 agonists, NK1and NK2 antagonists, GABA-β agonists, nociceptin agonists, expectorants,mucolytic agents, decongestants, antioxidants, anti-IL-8 antibodies,anti-IL-5 antibodies, anti-IgE antibodies, anti-TNF antibodies, IL-10,adhesion molecule inhibitors, and growth hormones.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating multiplesclerosis, comprising administering to the patient:(a) a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, concurrentlyor sequentially with (b) a therapeutically effective amount of at leastone compound selected from the group consisting of: glatiramer acetate,glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azothioprine, mitoxantrone, andCB2-selective inhibitors.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method of treating multiplesclerosis comprising concurrent or sequential administration of atherapeutically effective amount of: (a) at least one compound offormula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, and (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: methotrexate, cyclosporin, leflunimide, sulfasalazine,β-methasone, β-interferon, glatiramer acetate, prednisone, etonercept,and infliximab.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treatingrheumatoid arthritis in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treatingrheumatoid arthritis in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof, in combination with at least onecompound selected from the group consisting of COX-2 inhibitors, COX-1inhibitors, immunosuppressives (e.g., methotrexate, aminopterin,cyclosporin, leflunimide and sulfasalazine), steroids (e.g.,betamethasone, cortisone and dexamethasone), PDE 4 inhibitors,anti-TNF-α compounds, MMP inhibitors, glucocorticoids, chemokineinhibitors, CB2-selective agents, and other classes of compoundsindicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating strokeand ischemia reperfusion injury in a patient in need of such treatmentthe method comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of: (a) at least one compound of formula (1) or formula(2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,concurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compound selectedfrom the group consisting of: thrombolitics (e.g., tenecteplase, TPA,alteplase), antiplatelet agents (e.g., gpllb/llla), antagonists (e.g.,abciximab and eftiifbatide), anticoagulants (e.g., heparin), and othercompounds indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating strokeand ischemia reperfusion injury in a patient in need of such treatmentthe method comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of: (a) at least one compound of formula (1) or formula(2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereofconcurrently or sequentially with (b) at least one compound selectedfrom the group consisting of: tenecteplase, TPA, alteplase, abciximab,eftiifbatide, and heparin.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating psoriasisin a patient in need of such treatment, the method comprisingadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of: a)at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, concurrently orsequentially with (b) at least one compound selected from the groupconsisting of: immunosuppressives (e.g., methotrexate, aminopterin,cyclosporin, efalizumab, alefacept, leflunimide and sulfasalazine),steroids (e.g., β-methasone) and anti-TNFα compounds (e.g., etonerceptand infliximab).

This disclosure also provides a method for treating CXCR2 mediateddisease or condition selected from the group consisting of: pain (e.g.,acute pain, acute inflammatory pain, chronic inflammatory pain, andneuropathic pain), acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, rheumatoidarthritis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, bronchopulmonarydysplasia, COPD, adult respiratory disease, arthritis, inflammatorybowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, septic shock,endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, stroke,ischemia reperfusion injury, renal reperfusion injury,glomerulonephritis, thrombosis, Alzheimer's disease, graft vs. hostreaction (i.e., graft-versus-host disease), allograft rejections (e.g.,acute allograft rejection, and chronic allograft rejection), malaria,acute respiratory distress syndrome, delayed type hypersensitivityreaction, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, cardiac ischemia,osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, restinosis, angiogenesis,angiogenesis associated with tumor growth, osteoporosis, gingivitis,respiratory viruses, herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, HIV, Kaposi'ssarcoma associated virus (i.e., Kaposi's sarcoma), meningitis, cysticfibrosis, pre-term labor, cough, pruritis, multi-organ dysfunction,trauma, strains, sprains, contusions, psoriatic arthritis, herpes,encephalitis, CNS vasculitis, traumatic brain injury, systemic tumors,CNS tumors, tumors dependent on angiogenesis for growth, leukopenia andneutropenia, chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and neutropenia,opportunistic infections associated with neutropenia or leukopenia,subarachnoid hemorrhage, post surgical trauma, interstitial pneumonitis,hypersensitivity, crystal induced arthritis, acute pancreatitis, chronicpancreatitis, acute alcoholic hepatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis,chronic sinusitis, angiogenic ocular disease, ocular inflammation,retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, macular degenerationwith the wet type preferred, corneal neovascularization, polymyositis,vasculitis, acne, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, celiac disease,esophagitis, glossitis, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness(i.e., airway hyperreactivity), bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis,bronchiolitis obliterans, chronic bronchitis, cor pulmonae, dyspnea,emphysema, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hypoxemia, hyperoxia-inducedinflammations, hypoxia, surgical lung volume reduction, pulmonaryfibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy,peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD), granulocytic ehrlichiosis, sarcoidosis, small airway disease,ventilation-perfusion mismatching, wheeze, colds, gout, alcoholic liverdisease, lupus, burn therapy (i.e., the treatment of burns),periodontitis, cancer, transplant reperfusion injury, earlytransplantation rejection (e.g., acute allograft rejection) in a patientin need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient aneffective amount of at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating diseasessuch as allograft rejections, early transplantation rejections,autoimmune deafness, myocarditis, neuropathies, autoimmune diseases andvasculitis syndromes wherein said:

(a) allograft rejections are selected from the group consisting of acuteallograft rejections and chronic allograft rejections;

(b) early transplantation rejection is an acute allograft rejection;

(c) autoimmune deafness is Meniere's disease;

(d) myocarditis is viral myocarditis;

(e) neuropathies are selected from the group consisting of IgAneuropathy, membranous neuropathy and idiopathic neuropathy;

(f) autoimmune diseases are anemias; and

(g) vasculitis syndromes are selected from the group consisting of giantcell arteries, Behcet's disease and Wegener's granulomatosis.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating COPD in apatient in need of such treatment comprising administering to saidpatient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one (usually one)compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating arthritisin a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to saidpatient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound offormula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treatingosteoarthritis in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating pain in apatient in need of such treatment comprising administering to saidpatient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound offormula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating pain in apatient in need of such treatment comprising administering to saidpatient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound offormula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, and administering a therapeutically effective amount ofat least one medicament selected from the group consisting of: NSAIDs,COXIB inhibitors (e.g., COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors), anti-depressants,and anti-convulsants.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating acutepain in a patient in need of such treatment comprising administering tosaid patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one (usuallyone) compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating acuteinflammatory pain in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treating chronicinflammatory pain in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said-patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method for treatingneuropathic pain in a patient in need of such treatment comprisingadministering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another embodiment of this disclosure is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising at least one compound of formula (1) or formula (2), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least oneother agent, medicament, antibody and/or inhibitor disclosed above, anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In general the compounds used to treat pain will have CXCR2 antagonisticactivity.

NSAIDs are well known to those skilled in the art and can be used intheir known dosages and dosage regimens. Examples of NSAIDs include butare not limited to: piroxicam, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, andibuprofen COXIB inhibitors are well known to those skilled in the artand can be used in their known dosages and dosage regimens. Examples ofCOXIB inhibitors include, but are not limited to: rofecoxib andcelecoxib. Anti-depressants are well known to those skilled in the artand can be used in their known dosages and dosage regimens. Examples ofanti-depressants include but are not limited to: amitriptyline andnortriptyline. Anti-convulsants are well known to those skilled in theart and can be used in their known dosages and dosage regimens. Examplesof anti-convulsants include but are not limited to: gabapentin,carbamazepine, pregabalin, and lamotragine.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds describedby this disclosure, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can beeither solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders,tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. Thepowders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percentactive ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g.,magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose.Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage formssuitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositionsmay be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington: The Science and Practice ofPharmacy, 20th Edition, (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore, Md. which is incorporated herein by reference.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutionsfor parenteral injection or addition of sweeteners and opacifiers fororal solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations mayalso include solutions for intranasal administration. Liquid formpreparations may also include dissolution in lipid-based,self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as Labrasol® orGelucire® for oral administration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions andsolids in powder form, which may be in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas,e.g. nitrogen.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to beconverted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for eitheroral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions,suspensions and emulsions.

The compounds of this disclosure may also be deliverable transdermally.The tansdermal composition can take the form of creams, lotions,aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch ofthe matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for thispurpose.

The compound can be administered orally.

A suitable pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. In suchform, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit dosescontaining appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., aneffective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may bevaried or adjusted from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, or from about0.01 mg to about 750 mg, or from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg, or fromabout 0.01 mg to about 250 mg, according to the particular application.

The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirementsof the patient and the severity of the condition being treated.Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation iswithin the skill of the art. For convenience, the total dosage may bedivided and administered in portions during the day as required.

The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of thisdisclosure and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will beregulated according to the judgment of the attending clinicianconsidering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient aswell as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommendeddaily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 0.04mg/day to about 4000 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of eitherformula (1) or formula (2) and the chemotherapeutic agents and/orradiation therapy will be regulated according to the judgment of theattending clinician (physician) considering such factors as age,condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the diseasebeing treated. A dosage regimen of the compound of either formula (1) orformula (2) can be oral administration of from 10 mg to 2000 mg/day, or10 to 1000 mg/day, or 50 to 600 mg/day, in two to four (or two) divideddoses, to block tumor growth. Intermittent therapy (e.g., one week outof three weeks or three out of four weeks) may also be used.

The chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy can be administeredaccording to therapeutic protocols well known in the art. It will beapparent to those skilled in the art that the administration of thechemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy can be varied dependingon the disease being treated and the known effects of thechemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation therapy on that disease. Also,in accordance with the knowledge of the skilled clinician, thetherapeutic protocols (e.g., dosage amounts and times of administration)can be varied in view of the observed effects of the administeredtherapeutic agents (i.e., antineoplastic agent or radiation) on thepatient, and in view of the observed responses of the disease to theadministered therapeutic agents.

If the compound of either formula (1) or formula (2), and thechemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation is not administeredsimultaneously or essentially simultaneously, then the initial order ofadministration of the compound of either formula (1) or formula (2), andthe chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation, may not be important. Thus,the compound of either formula (1) or formula (2) may be administeredfirst, followed by the administration of the chemotherapeutic agentand/or radiation; or the chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation may beadministered first, followed by the administration of the compound ofeither formula (1) or formula (2). This alternate administration may berepeated during a single treatment protocol. The determination of theorder of administration, and the number of repetitions of administrationof each therapeutic agent during a treatment protocol, is well withinthe knowledge of the skilled physician after evaluation of the diseasebeing treated and the condition of the patient.

For example, the chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation may beadministered first, especially if it is a cytotoxic agent, and then thetreatment continued with the administration of the compound of eitherformula (1) or formula (2) followed, where determined advantageous, bythe administration of the chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation, andso on until the treatment protocol is complete.

The particular choice of a compound from either formula (1) or formula(2), and chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation will depend upon thediagnosis of the attending physicians and their judgment of thecondition of the patient and the appropriate treatment protocol.

Also, in general, the compound of either formula (1) or formula (2) andthe chemotherapeutic agent do not have to be administered in the samepharmaceutical composition, and may, because of different physical andchemical characteristics, have to be administered by different routes.For example, the compound of either formula (1) or formula (2) may beadministered orally to generate and maintain good blood levels thereof,while the chemotherapeutic agent may be administered intravenously. Thedetermination of the mode of administration and the advisability ofadministration, where possible, in the same pharmaceutical composition,is well within the knowledge of the skilled clinician. The initialadministration can be made according to established protocols known inthe art, and then, based upon the observed effects, the dosage, modes ofadministration and times of administration can be modified by theskilled clinician.

Thus, in accordance with experience and knowledge, the practicingphysician can modify each protocol for the administration of a component(therapeutic agent; i.e., the compound from either formula (1) orformula (2), chemotherapeutic agent or radiation) of the treatmentaccording to the individual patient's needs, as the treatment proceeds.

The attending clinician, in judging whether treatment is effective atthe dosage administered, will consider the general well-being of thepatient as well as more definite signs such as relief of disease-relatedsymptoms, inhibition of tumor growth, actual shrinkage of the tumor, orinhibition of metastasis. Size of the tumor can be measured by standardmethods such as radiological studies, e.g., CAT or MRI scan, andsuccessive measurements can be used to judge whether or not growth ofthe tumor has been retarded or even reversed. Relief of disease-relatedsymptoms such as pain, and improvement in overall condition can also beused to help judge effectiveness of treatment.

The disclosure provided herein is exemplified by the followingpreparations and examples that should not be construed to limit thescope of the disclosure. Alternative mechanistic pathways and analogousstructures may be apparent to those skilled in the art.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Compound 2

6-Bromonicotinic acid (8.1 g, 40 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF(50 mL) under an N₂ atmosphere. 4-Fluoroaniline (3.9 mL, 41 mmol) andEEDQ (9.9 g, 40 mmol) were added and stirred at room temperature for 18hours. The product was precipitated by dilution into deionized water(1.2 L), and the precipitate was filtered and washed with additionalwater. The product was dried under vacuum to yield 8.1 g (69%) of 2 as awhite solid. ESI-MS m/z 294.9/296.9 [M+H]⁺. Analysis: Calcd forC₁₂H₈BrFN₂O: C, 48.84; H, 2.73; N, 9.49. Found: C, 48.75; H, 2.57; N,9.40. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.54 (s, 1H), 8.92 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H),8.25-8.23 (m, 1H), 7.86-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.23(m, 2H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Compound 4

Compound 2 (1.486 g, 5.04 mmol), 2-bromo-N-methylbenzylamine (0.74 mL,5.00 mmol) and triethylamine (1.40 mL, 10.0 mmol) were dissolved inanhydrous dimethylformamide (10 mL) and placed in a pressure bottle,under an N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was heated to 130° C. for 2 days.The reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted into deionizedwater (250 mL). The suspension was basified to pH>9 with 1 N NaOH, andextracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extractswere dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered through a pad of silica gel (ethylacetate), and dried under vacuum. The crude product was dissolved inethyl acetate and minimal methanol and adhered to silica gel (25 g). Thesilica adhered compound was purified by flash silica gel chromatography(250 g silica, 3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield 1.74 g (84%) of 4 asa white solid. ESI-MS m/z 414.1/416.1 [M+H]⁺. Analalysis: Calcd forC₂₀H₁₇BrFN₃O: C, 57.98; H, 4.14; N, 10.14. Found: C, 58.08; H, 4.20; N,10.02. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.06 (s, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=2.3 Hz,1H), 8.09 (dd, J=9.0 Hz, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=9.0Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H),3.20 (s, 3H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Compound 5

2-Bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (1.520 g, 6.83 mmol) was dissolved inwater and brought to pH 12 with 1 N NaOH (15 mL). The suspension wasextracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combined ethyl acetateextracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and dried under vacuum.Compound 2 (1.915 g, 6.49 mmol) was placed in a pressure bottle, and2-bromobenzylamine (1.244 g, 6.69 mmol) was added with stirring,dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidine (13 mL), under N₂ atmosphere.Triethylamine (1.92 mL, 13.8 mmol) was added under N₂, and the bottlewas heated to 130° C. for 3 days. The reaction was cooled to roomtemperature and added dropwise to a stirring solution of deionized water(300 mL), forming a fine precipitate. The suspension was refrigeratedovernight and filtered. The crude solid was dried in a vacuumdesiccator. The crude product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, combinedwith material from a previous synthesis (0.5 mmol scale), and adhered tosilica gel (25 g). The combined compounds were purified by flash silicagel chromatography (250 g silica, 3:2 hexanes:ethyl acetate, then 2:1ethyl acetate:hexanes) to yield 1.86 g (66%) of 5 as a white solid.ESI-MS m/z 400.0/402.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.99 (s, 1H),8.63 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.74 (m,3H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.20 (m, 1H),7.17 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Compound 6

Compound 4 (1.74 g, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdimethylformamide and degassed under vacuum. A pressure bottle wascharged with PdCl₂(dppf) (255 mg, 0.312 mmol), bis(pinacolato) diboron(3.21 g, 12.6 mmol) and potassium acetate (1.22 g, 12.4 mmol), alongwith a stir bar. The DMF solution was added to the pressure bottle withan oven-dried pipette, rinsing with dry DMF (5 mL). The tube was sealedunder nitrogen gas and heated at 80° C. for 41 hours, then cooled toroom temperature. The reaction was filtered through Celite, rinsing withDMF, dried in vacu, and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, andthe aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined ethylacetate layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered through a pad ofsilica gel (ethyl acetate). The filtrate was dried under vacuum to yield4.3 g of a crude red mixture containing 6, which was used withoutfurther purification. ESI-MS (of major product) m/z 462.2 [M+H]⁺.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Compound 7

Compound 5 (201 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdimethylformamide and degassed under vacuum. A pressure bottle wascharged with PdCl₂(dppf) (13 mg, 0.016 mmol), bis(pinacolato) diboron(384 mg, 1.5 mmol) and potassium acetate (150 mg, 1.5 mmol) and thesolution was added under N₂ atmosphere. The tube was heated withstirring at 80° C. for 26 hours, then cooled to room temperature. Thereaction was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, and theaqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetatelayers were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered through a pad of silica gel(ethyl acetate). The filtrate was dried under vacuum, dissolved in 3:2hexanes:ethyl acetate, and purified by flash silica gel chromatography(30 g, 3:2 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield 123 mg (67%) of 7 as a whitefoam. ESI-MS m/z 366.1 [(M-pinacol)+H]. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.97(s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J=8.9 Hz, 2.2 Hz, 1H),7.76-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42(t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17(t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.31(s, 12H). IC₅₀ in whole cell assay (Pharmacology Example 1)=1.5±0.3 μM.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Compound 8

Crude compound 6 (4.2 mmol) was suspended with stirring in methanol (36mL), and 4.5 M KHF₂ (4.0 mL, 21 mmol) was added dropwise by pipette.Additional methanol was added to rinse the walls of the flask, and thereaction was stirred at room temperature. After 2.5 hr, additional 4.5 MKHF₂ (8.0 mL, 42 mmol) was added to drive the reaction to completion.After stirring for another 2 hr, the reaction was diluted with methanoland dried under vacuum to yield a dark tarry substance, which wasdiluted with water. Sonication yielded a brown precipitate, which wasisolated by vacuum filtration and dried in a vacuum desiccator to a graysolid (1.8 g). The solid was dissolved in acetonitrile (40 mL), andstirred with trimethylsilylchloride (4.8 mL, 38 mmol) and water (0.68mL, 38 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for about 2 hr, thereaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate (19 mL). Afterseveral minutes of stirring, the reaction was diluted with water (400mL), and a tan solid (773 mg) was isolated by vacuum filtration anddrying in a vacuum desiccator. The solid was dissolved in a mixture ofethyl acetate and methanol, adhered to silica gel (8 g), and purified byflash silica gel chromatography (80 g, step gradient of 3:2 ethylacetate:hexanes to ethyl acetate) to yield a red foam, which wasdissolved in ethyl acetate, from which 294 mg (18% from 4) of 8precipitated as a fine white solid. ESI-MS m/z 380.1 [M +H]⁺. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s,2H), 8.05 (dd, J=9.1 Hz, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=7.3Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=8.8 Hz,2H), 7.03 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 3.19(s, 3H). IC₅₀ in whole cell assay (Pharmacology Example 1)=3.7±0.6 μM.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Compound 9

6-Bromonicotinamide (590 mg, 2.0 mmol), 2-(N-methylaminomethyl)phenylboronic pinacol ester (495 mg, 2.0 mmol), potassium tert-butoxide (450mg, 4.0 mmol), and 18-crown-6 ether (28 mg, 0.1 mmol) were suspended inanhydrous toluene under N₂ atmosphere and brought to reflux for 22hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate extractedtwice with aqueous saturated bicarbonate. The combined saturatedbicarbonate extracts were extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and thecombined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, and evaporated to yield 0.9 g of the crude boronate pinacolester intermediate. The intermediate boronate ester was then treatedwith peroxide in tetrahydrofuran with methanol and adhered to silicagel. The desired compound 9 with residual boronate pinacol ester wasisolated by flash silica gel chromatography (90 g, 2:1 hexanes:ethylacetate). The compound mixture was dissolved in peroxide intetrahydrofuran, adhered to silica gel, and purified by flash silica gelchromatography (55 g, step gradient in dichloromethane: 0, 2, 5, and 10%ethyl acetate) to yield 71 mg (10%) of 9 as an off-white solid. ESI-MSm/z 352.1 [M+H]⁺. Analysis: Calcd for C₂₀H₁₈FN₃O₂½H₂O: C, 66.66; H,5.31; N, 11.66. Found: C, 66.83; H, 5.16; N, 11.43. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 10.04 (s, 1H), 9.92 (s, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.06(dd, J=9.2 Hz, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H),7.09 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H),6.75-6.72 (m, 2H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H). IC₅₀ in whole cell assay(Pharmacology Example 1)=0.59±0.09 μM.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Compound 10

Compound 7 (522 mg, 1.17 mmol) was suspended with stirring in methanol(10 mL), and 4.5 M KHF₂ (1.1 mL, 5.89 mmol) was added dropwise bypipette. After stirring for an hour, the reaction was diluted withmethanol and dried under vacuum to yield an oily solid, which wasdiluted with water. Sonication yielded a precipitate, which was isolatedby vacuum filtration and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The solid wasdissolved in acetonitrile (10 mL), and stirred withtrimethylsilylchloride (0.44 mL, 3.5 mmol) and water (63 μL, 3.5 mmol)at room temperature. After stirring for an hour, the reaction wasquenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2 mL). After several minutesof stirring, the reaction was diluted with water to a volume of 80 mL,and the precipitate that formed was isolated by vacuum filtration toyield 10 as white solid (323 mg, 76%). ESI-MS m/z 366.2 [M +H]⁺. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.05 (s, 1H), 8.26 (dd, J=9.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1H),7.63-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.29 (t,J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.75(m, 2H). IC₅₀ in whole cell assay (Pharmacology Example 1)=1.7±0.2 μM.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of Compound 12

2-Chloropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (1.99 g, 12.5 mmol) was dissolvedin anhydrous DMF (10 mL) under an N₂ atmosphere. 4-Fluoroaniline (1.2mL, 12.5 mmol) and EEDQ (3.11 g, 12.6 mmol) were added and stirred atroom temperature for 40 hours. The product was partitioned betweendeionized water and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was washed withethyl acetate, and the combined ethyl acetate layers were dried oversodium sulfate, filtered, and dried in vacu. The crude product wasdissolved in ethyl acetate and minimal methanol and adhered to silicagel (28 g) The silica adhered compound was purified by flash silica gelchromotography (340 g, 3:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate) to yield 1.2 g (37%)of 12 as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z 252.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 10.67 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 2H), 7.78-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.25 (t,J=8.8 Hz, 2H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of Compound 14

Compound 2 (1.486 g, 5.04 mmol), 4-bromo-N-methylbenzylamine (1.00 mL,5.00 mmol) and triethylamine (1.40 mL, 10.0 mmol) were dissolved inanhydrous dimethylformamide (10 mL) and placed in a pressure bottle,under an N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was heated to 130° C. for 3 days.The reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted into deionizedwater (250 mL), yielding a fluffy white precipitate with a few brownclumps. After cooling briefly and sonicating and crushing the clumps,the precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration, washing withdeionized water, and dried under vacuum. The crude product was dissolvedin ethyl acetate and adhered to silica gel (20 g). The silica adheredcompound was purified by flash silica gel chromatography (200 g silica,3:2 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield 1.67 g (81%) of 14 as a white solid.ESI-MS m/z 414.1/416.1 [M+H]⁺. Analysis: Calcd for C₂₀H₁₇BrFN₃O: C,57.98; H, 4.14; N, 10.14. Found: C, 57.82; H, 4.20; N, 10.01. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9.3 Hz,1H), 7.77-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 4H), 6.76(d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of Compound 15

Compound 12 (254 mg, 1.01 mmol), 4-bromo-N-methylbenzylamine (200 μL,1.00 mmol) and triethylamine (280 μL, 2.01 mmol) were dissolved inanhydrous dimethylformamide (2 mL) and placed in a pressure bottle,under an N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for3 hours, then diluted dropwise into deionized water (60 mL), yielding afluffy white precipitate. After cooling briefly, the precipitate wascollected by vacuum filtration, washing with deionized water, and driedunder vacuum to yield 410 mg (99%) of 15 as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z415.1/417.1 [M +H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.16 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s,1H), 7.75-7.73 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 4H), 4.92(s, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of Compound 16

Compound 14 (1.65 g, 4.0 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdimethylformamide (10 mL) and degassed under vacuum. A pressure bottlewas charged with PdCl₂ (dppf) (244 mg, 0.299 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (3.05 g, 12.0 mmol) and potassium acetate (1.17 g, 11.9 mmol),along with a stir bar. The DMF solution was added to the pressure bottlewith an oven-dried pipette, rinsing with dry DMF (2×5 mL). The tube wassealed under nitrogen gas and heated at 80° C. for 8.5 hours, thencooled to room temperature. The reaction was filtered through Celite,rinsing with DMF, dried in vacu, and partitioned between water and ethylacetate, and the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. Thecombined ethyl acetate layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filteredthrough a pad of silica gel (ethyl acetate). The filtrate was driedunder vacuum, dissolved in ethyl acetate, and adhered to silica gel (20g). The silica adhered compound was purified by flash silica gelchromatography (200 g, 2:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield 1.67 g (91%)of 16 as a white flaky solid. ESI-MS m/z 462.3 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J=9.2 Hz,2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 7.17 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H),3.11 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 12H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 13 Preparation of Compound 17

Compound 15 (395 mg, 0.951 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrousdimethylformamide (4 mL) and degassed under vacuum. A pressure bottlewas charged with PdCl₂(dppf) (60 mg, 0.074 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (726 mg, 2.86 mmol) and potassium acetate (280 mg, 2.85 mmol),along with a stir bar. The DMF solution was added to the pressure bottlewith an oven-dried pipette, rinsing with dry DMF (2×2 mL). The tube wassealed under nitrogen gas and heated at 80° C. for 6.5 hours, thencooled to room temperature. The reaction was filtered through Celite,rinsing with DMF, dried in vacu, and partitioned between water and ethylacetate, and the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. Thecombined ethyl acetate layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filteredthrough a pad of silica gel (ethyl acetate). The filtrate was driedunder vacuum, dissolved in ethyl acetate, and adhered to silica gel (7.5g). The silica adhered compound was purified by flash silica gelchromatography (78 g, 5:2 hexanes:ethyl acetate) to yield 379 mg (86%)of 17 as a white solid. ESI-MS m/z 463.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 10.15 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 2H), 7.75-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.66 (d,J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.98 (s,2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 12H).

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of Compound 18

Compound 16 (1.64 g, 3.55 mmol) was suspended with stirring in methanol(50 mL), and 4.5 M KHF₂ (4.0 mL, 18.0 mmol) was in portions by pipette.After stirring for 1.5 hours, the reaction was diluted with methanol anddried under vacuum to yield a white solid, which was diluted with water.Sonication yielded a precipitate, which was isolated by vacuumfiltration and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The solid (1.43 g, 3.25mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (36 mL), and stirred withtrimethylsilylchloride (1.24 mL, 9.77 mmol) and water (176 μL, 9.78mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 1.5 hours, the reactionwas quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate (6 mL). After severalminutes of stirring, the reaction was diluted with water to dissolve thecompound and dried in vacu. The residual solid was suspended in waterwith sonication, and the precipitate that formed was isolated by vacuumfiltration and dried in a vacuum desiccator to yield 18 as white solid(1.33 g, 99%). ESI-MS m/z 380.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ10.10 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.75 (m, 4H),7.20-7.16 (m, 4H), 6.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H).IC₅₀ in whole cell assay (Pharmacology Example 1)=0.247±0.035 μM.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of Compound 19

Compound 17 (365 mg, 0.789 mmol) was suspended with stirring in methanol(7 mL), and 4.5 M KHF₂ (0.88 mL, 3.96 mmol) was in portions by pipette.After stirring for 1.5 hours, the reaction was diluted with methanol anddried under vacuum to yield a white solid, which was diluted with water.Sonication yielded a precipitate, which was isolated by vacuumfiltration and dried in a vacuum desiccator. The solid (322 mg, 0.728mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (6 mL), and stirred withtrimethylsilylchloride (276 μL, 2.18 mmol) and water (40 μL, 2.22 mmol)at room temperature. After stirring for 1.5 hours, the reaction wasquenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate (1.3 mL). After severalminutes of stirring, the reaction was concentrated in vacu and suspendedin water (40 mL) with sonication, yielding a fluffy white solid, whichwas isolated by vacuum filtration and dried in a vacuum desiccator toyield 19 as white solid (280 mg, 93%). ESI-MS m/z 381.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR(500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.16 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 2H), 7.76-7.73 (m, 4H),7.21-7.17 (m, 4H), 4.96 (s, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H). IC₅₀ in whole cell assay(Pharmacology Example 1)=0.244±0.015 μM.

PHARMACOLOGY EXAMPLE 1 In Vitro Inhibition of Intracellular CalciumRelease by Compound 9

An in vitro assay showed inhibition of CXCR2-mediated intracellularcalcium release by treatment with compound 9 (IC₅₀ =586±91 nM). Briefly,human neutrophils were suspended in HBSS⁻ (without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺)containing 10 mM HEPES and FLIPR Calcium 3 dye (3.1×10⁷ cells in totalvolume 1.7 mL). Cells were aliquoted (200 μL of the cell suspension pertube, 8 tubes total) and 2 μL of compound 9 (with appropriate dilutions)were added to each of 6 tubes. The tested concentrations of compound 9were 156 nM, 312 nM, 625 nM, 1250 nM, 2500 nM and 5000 nM. As controls,2 μL of DMSO (1% final concentration) were added to 2 other tubes. Cellswere incubated for 30 min at 37° C. After dye loading, tubes werecentrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 1 min, supernatant was removed and the cellpellet was re-suspended in 200 μL of HBSS⁺ (with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺)containing 10 mM HEPES. The test compound or DMSO (control) was addedagain at the same concentrations that were used during cell loading. Thecell suspension was aliquoted into a 96-well Reading Plate (Corning) ina volume of 90 μL (10⁵ cells/well). The Compound Plate contained agonist(GROα in HBSS⁻) or HBSS⁻ (control). After 15 sec of reading the basallevel of fluorescence by FlexStation II, 10 μL of GROα or HBSS⁻ wereautomatically transferred from the Compound Plate into the Reading Plate(final concentration of GROα was 25 nM). Changes in fluorescence weremonitored (λ_(ex)=485 nm, λ_(em)=525 nm) every 5 s for 240 to 500 s atroom temperature.

The maximum change in fluorescence, expressed in arbitrary units overbaseline (Max-Min), was used to determine the GROα response. The effectof each compound on the GROα response was normalized and expressed as apercent of the DMSO control, which was designated as “100% response.”Curve fitting and calculation of the compound inhibitory concentrationthat reduces the level of the GROα response by 50% (IC₅₀), or thecompound agonist concentration that increases the level of the calciumrelease by 50% of the maximum agonist-induced change (EC₅₀) weredetermined by nonlinear regression analysis of the dose-response curvesgenerated using Prism 4 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.).

TABLE 1 Inhibition of CXCR2 Compound Compound Molecular Name NumberWeight Structure IC₅₀ (μM) SX-626 9 351.37

0.586 ± 0.91 SX-627 7 447.31

 1.5 ± 0.3 SX-628 8 379.19

 1.0 ± 0.2 SX-629 10 365.17

 1.7 ± 0.2 SX-632 18 379.19

0.247 ± 0.35 SX-633 19 380.18

0.244 ± 0.15

We claim:
 1. A compound comprising a compound from formula (1) orformula (2):

wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl; wherein R³ and R⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl,aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³or R⁴ are independently an ionizing group selected from the groupconsisting of carboxylates, amines, phosphonates, and phosphates;wherein R³ and R⁴ are also independently selected from the groupconsisting of —B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃ ⁻M⁺, —R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷,—O—R⁷, —S(O)_(y)—R⁷ (wherein y=0, 1, or 2), —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹);wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl; wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal; whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, orwherein R⁵ and R⁶ together form a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride(either mixed or symmetrical); wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independentlyselected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl,heteroalkyl, hetercyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are bothoxygen to form a nitro group; or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen towhich they are attached, form a heterocyclyl; and wherein X¹ is carbonor nitrogen; and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
 2. The compound ofclaim 1 wherein X¹ is carbon.
 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ ishydrogen and R² is 4-fluoro-phenyl
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴is 4-phenylboronic acid.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising acompound of formula (1) or formula (2):

wherein R¹and R² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl; wherein R³ and R⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl,aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³and R⁴ are independently an ionizing group selected from the groupconsisting of carboxylates, amines, phosphonates, and phosphates;wherein R³ and R⁴ are also independently selected from the groupconsisting of —B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃ ⁻M⁺, —R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷,—O—R⁷, —S(O)—R⁷, —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹); wherein y=0, 1, or 2;wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl; wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal; whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, or wherein R⁵ and R⁶ togetherform a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride; wherein R⁸ and R⁹ areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, hetercyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are both oxygen to form a nitro group; orR⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form aheterocyclyl; and wherein X¹ is carbon or nitrogen; and pharmaceuticalcompositions thereof.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5,wherein X¹ is carbon.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5,wherein R¹ is hydrogen and R² is 4-fluoro-phenyl.
 8. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 5, wherein R⁴ is 4-phenylboronic acid.
 9. A methodfor treating a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting ofpain, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis,psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, COPD,adult respiratory disease, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gramnegative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, stroke, ischemia reperfusioninjury, renal reperfusion injury, glomerulonephritis, thrombosis,Alzheimer's disease, graft vs. host reaction, allograft rejections,malaria, acute respiratory distress syndrome, delayed typehypersensitivity reaction, atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, cardiacischemia, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, restinosis, angiogenesis,angiogenesis associated with tumor growth, osteoporosis, gingivitis,respiratory viruses, herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, HIV, Kaposi'ssarcoma associated virus, meningitis, cystic fibrosis, pre-term labor,cough, pruritis, multi-organ dysfunction, trauma, strains, sprains,contusions, psoriatic arthritis, herpes, encephalitis, CNS vasculitis,traumatic brain injury, systemic tumors, CNS tumors, tumors dependent onangiogenesis for growth, leukopenia and neutropenia,chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and neutropenia, opportunisticinfections associated with neutropenia or leukopenia, subarachnoidhemorrhage, post surgical trauma, interstitial pneumonitis,hypersensitivity, crystal induced arthritis, acute pancreatitis, chronicpancreatitis, acute alcoholic hepatitis, necrotizing enterocolitis,chronic sinusitis, angiogenic ocular disease, ocular inflammation,retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, macular degenerationwith the wet type preferred, corneal neovascularization, polymyositis,vasculitis, acne, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, celiac disease,esophagitis, glossitis, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness,bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, chronicbronchitis, cor pulmonae, dyspnea, emphysema, hypercapnea,hyperinflation, hypoxemia, hyperoxia-induced inflammations, hypoxia,surgical lung volume reduction, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonaryhypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, peritonitis associated withcontinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), granulocyticehrlichiosis, sarcoidosis, small airway disease, ventilation-perfusionmismatching, wheeze, colds, gout, alcoholic liver disease, lupus, burntherapy, periodontitis, cancer, transplant reperfusion injury, and earlytransplantation rejection in a patient in need of such treatment,comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula(1) or formula (2):

wherein R¹and R² are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, 2- or 3- or 4-halo-phenyl, heteroalkyl, alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl; wherein R³ and R⁴ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, heteroalkyl, alkyl,aminoalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and heterocyclylalkyl, or R³and R⁴ are indpendently an ionizing group selected from the groupconsisting of carboxylates, amines, phosphonates, and phosphates;wherein R³ and R⁴ are also independently selected from the groupconsisting of —B(R⁵R⁶), —BF₃ ⁻M⁺, —R⁷—B(R⁵R⁶), —R⁷—BF₃ ⁻M⁺, R⁷,—C(O)—R⁷,—O—R⁷, —S(O)—R⁷, —P(O)—(R⁵R⁶) and —N(R⁸R⁹); wherein y=0, 1, or 2;wherein R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl,arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclyl andheterocyclylalkyl; wherein M⁺ is a Group I or a Group II metal; whereinR⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, hydroxyl, aryloxy, or alkoxy, or wherein R⁵ and R⁶ togetherform a cyclic ester, or an acid anhydride (either mixed or symmetrical);wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl,hetercyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are both oxygen to form anitro group; or R⁸ and R⁹ together with the nitrogen to which they areattached, form a heterocyclyl; and wherein X¹ is carbon or nitrogen; andpharmaceutical compositions thereof.
 10. The method for treating adisease or disorder of claim 11, wherein X¹ is carbon.
 11. The methodfor treating a disease or disorder of claim 11, wherein R¹ is hydrogenand R² is 4-fluoro-phenyl.
 12. The method for treating a disease ordisorder of claim 11, wherein R⁴ is 4-phenylboronic acid.